Portillo-Riascos, Luis Hernando. “The Origins of the Macroeconomic Vulnerability and Its Main Effects: Proposal of a Theoretical Framework”. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies 9, no. 2 (April 26, 2023): 208–229. Accessed February 1, 2026. https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/ried/article/view/8903.