Baracks. Basis of housing fund of sotsgorod’s. First five-year plan buildings

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Forced urbanization in the USSR in the period of industrialization was based on artificially accelerated growth of pseudourban population due to pushing former peasant countryside inhabitants to sotsgorod new developments. It was also based on forced displacement of massive contingent workforce from existing cities to industrially developing territories. As a consequence, population of sotsgorod new developments consisted of: a) peasants recalled from their traditional lifestyle; b) disenfranchised people, expelled from their places of residence; c) socially devoid people expelled from existing cities by the set of some legislative measures; d) punishment endured political prisoners who stayed for good near former labor camp zones, also former special settlers and labor settlers who did not have place to go; e) nomadic nations forced to sedentary life; f) wage workers who signed labor contracts; g) delegated specialists, Soviet and party leaders of different positions directed to construction sites, etc.
It was impossible to complete first five-year plan of sotsgorods new developments with workforce without mass housing construction, often they were built on blank space, for example, on plain, taiga or desert. As a consequence, each Soviet industrial new development started with construction of plain dwellings for workers.
There were: a) tents lain out by planks and banked with soil to keep it warm; b) dugouts; c) semi-dugouts; d) yurts; e) booths, pavilions, etc.
Temporary dwellings for workers in the initial period of sotsgorods construction Tents. In September, 1930 (almost  Dugouts represented a small house with walls made of two rows of planks with soil between them. There was a boardwalk over it, then slag and a clay layer. Wind drifted soil dust on it; that is why the grass grew on it in summer . Semi-dugouts had two parts, a bottom one (it was banked with land, as it turned to be under the ground, it kept warmth) and upper one. In places with a lack of forest both parts were made of shield twined from willow tree branches from the river nearby. The shield were installed on wooden frameworks, the space between them was filled with clay (it was mined in winter from 1.5, 2 or 2.5 m. layer of frozen ground). Roofing felt, then slag were put on it; the top layer was packed soil and greensward 4 . Booths and pavilions were installed almost on all construction plants of first fiveyear plan; they were made of alternative materials as temporary summer dwellings [Fig. 7,8].

Long-term dwelling for workers in the initial period of sotsgorods construction
Barracks, were the main type of mass housing construction at industrial housing developments of Soviet industrialization in 1920-1940s. They became dwellings for hundreds of thousands of people. From 85 to 93% of industrial new developments population lived in them.
Step by step, throughout several years workers were removed from draft proof tents, dugouts and semi-dugouts to barracks. 52 barracks (37 winter and 15 summer ones) were built to accommodate 6,700 residents in Magnitogorsk during 1929 7 . 140 joint and 55 mixed barracks were built to the 1 st of January, 1931. It had been planned to build 221 joint barracks in 1931.
Such construction took place in Kuznetsk and Chelyabinsk [Fig. 11,12]  The history of the first decades of Russian urban planning is connected with this type of construction. Its planning and mass building was caused by extreme cheapness and authorities' aspirations to build a lot of housing area paying as [Fig. 2]  little money as possible. According to wall material, barracks were divided into the following groups: 1) reed-fiber (straw); 2) plank (wooden); 3) panelized; 4) plywood; 5) stone; 6) dukovy, etc.
Reed-fiber (straw) barracks represented framework wooden structure with wooden shields boxed off with reed-fiber layer (6 cm thick). Walls were plastered up from both sides .
Plank barracks represented a wooden framework made of sawn and whole section timber nailed up with planks. Plank barracks were often shingled by wooden lath and were plastered up to protect it from precipitations and to prolong its life .
Panelized barracks were widely used in new development settlements because they were standardized, and, as a consequence, they were fast to produce accessors for its installing [Fig. 21]. Barrack walls were assembled from wooden panels which could be: a) hollow -heat-insulating qualities of air gap were used; b) filled with various insulants. Panelized barracks, as well as wooden ones were either plastered up or stayed unplastered [Fig. 22,23]. Stone barracks were by-product from foundation excavations for integrated industrial plant production departments, during that process natural or "wild" stone was mined and it was used for barracks construction. For example, several barracks were made only in 1929-1930 during foundation excavation works in Magnitogorsk.
Dukovye. What are "dukovye" barracks is not ascertained. There is no any informa-

Onsite location of the barracks
Residential area of large sotsgorods new developments represented chaotically scattered barrack townships , which were divided into several sites, so-called blocks with their own numbers. Each of them consisted of barracks disposed in parallel 20-30-50 meters apart.
Barrack blocks were built on the place of projected permanent (stone, wooden) housing blocks. Thus, the resident of Magnitogorsk remembered hat barrack townships were divided into large sites which had numbers from 1 to 14. The first site was upscale. It was located southwestward from Metallurg City Park, stadium and Puskin Boulevard and bore to Railway transport club. It was considered to be upscale, because there were some urban facilities: shops, people's court, "Magnit" cinema (opened in August, 1932). The fifth site was the largest; it was located northward from future Puskin Boulevard. [Fig. 24]  There weren't any indoor toilets. That is why outdoor toilets were built; they represented plank constructions with two compartments (for men and women) with 4-6 places each. Garbage and household rubbish cans were situated nearby.
Wooden annexes -sheds, which were called "budka", were built within the space between barracks. Residents stored coal and firewood there.
evenings. The family of barrack militiaman lived in one of the rooms; in general that room was located next to the entrance except those barracks where there was elected barrack supervisor.
Those workers, who created the family, had positive labour results and were active in Soviet party social activities, had a chance to get separate residential space in family barracks. Those barracks were similar to the single ones, but inner space was separated to isolated rooms with separate entrance and area of 12-15 sq. m.
There were 30-36 rooms in each barrack. If there were children in the family, parents installed mezzanine (sleeping bench) for games and sleep with the area of 5 sq. m. On the left and on the right from the door there was stone or brick stove to warm the room and to cook meals; it was made by residents on their own. Stove was fired from corridor side. Residents often made root cellar to store food. There was a small glass window opposite to the entrance on the outer wall; its sashes were glued up with newspapers stripes to decrease room blowing off through cracks in window sash and doors. There was an iron bed along one of the walls which had plank cover instead of the net. Doors could not be locked, that is why rooms stayed unlocked and non-working women (unemployed or pregnant) always looked after the children. Barracks -dormitories for single and family people were built without kitchens.
Population service objects (household, medical, cultural, etc.) in sotsgorods All population service objects in sotsgorods (household, medical, cultural, educational, etc.) were located in the residential barracks specially adapted for those purposes. Workers ate in canteens which were located in the same barracks.
They checked special cards at the entrance and gave wooden spoons. As a rule, workers sat at the long wooden tables. Their fellows stood behind them waiting for their turn . Other service facilities (club, post office, temporary garage, horse barn, fire station, foreman's office, shop, bakery, kids nursery school) were located in the same but shortened barracks .

Conclusion
Artificial forced urbanization in the USSR was strongly connected with the general line of the Party for fast construction of military-industrial firms. Settlement, urban planning and housing policies were just industrialization by-product where the human considered being just one more "natural resource" which should be used for the government convenience. Both in the period of the first five-year plan, and then, barracks expressed and embodied that doctrine.
Soviet urban planning materialized governmental postulates of labor and military mobilization of the population in a certain structure of inhabited territory.
So, sotsgorod new developments had planning settlement decomposition in barrack townships, divided into blocks which provided territorial arrangement of population, which was guided and controlled by territorial party bodies and plant Party Committees, eased the management of working processes and control over household ones, allowed keeping accurate counts of quantity and "quality" of residents, eased to invite people to serve employment and military duties.
Planning and construction of barracks, as any mass housing construction in the USSR, was carried out only be the government and it was the main tool to provide 80-90% of industrial new developments population with dwelling.