Ephemeral events and their traces in the urban structure: Zagreb’s 1987 Universiade

Organizing a mega event, even an ephemeral one, can leave many material and non-material traces in a city and a host region and can be a means of bringing to life development visions and urban policy strategy. During preparations for the event itself, numerous interventions are carried out that are directly or indirectly related to the event. Depending on the type and concept of the event itself, the interventions in the city and its region can become part of their permanent heritage, thus improving the long-term quality of life of their inhabitants. The aim of this paper is to show how a large sports event, the 1987 Zagreb Summer Universiade, contributed to the development of the city and the host region, and to the implementation of the urban policy strategy of the time. Although Zagreb has a long history of urban planning, emphasis here is placed on the spatial planning documentation of the second half of the 20th century that preceded the organization of this large sports event. This paper looks at interventions carried out during the preparatory phase of the event that were directly or indirectly related to the temporary event itself as well as at the cultural and social program related to the Universiade. It may be concluded that the 14th Summer Universiade was a significant sports and cultural event that served as an instrument for carrying out numerous projects aimed at constructing new and improving existing sports facilities, accommodation capacities and the urban renewal of the city centre. Since most of the interventions would not have been carried out in such a short period of time were it not for the Universiade, it can be said that the Universiade was a means of realizing urban development policies and renewing Zagreb. The event left a lasting legacy of elements of infrastructure, suprastructure and ecostructure that the inhabitants of the city and the region continue to use for the same purposes.


Resumen
La organización de un mega evento, aunque sea efímero puede dejar muchas huellas materiales e inmateriales en la ciudad y la región anfitriona, y puede servir como un medio para realizar las visiones de desarrollo y la estrategia de política urbana. En la etapa de planeación y preoperativos del evento se llevan a cabo numerosas intervenciones, directa o indirectamente relacionadas con el mismo. Dependiendo del tipo y concepto del evento, las intervenciones en la ciudad y su región pueden convertirse en un patrimonio permanente, mejorando así la calidad de vida de sus habitantes a largo plazo. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo un gran evento deportivo como el de la Universiada de Verano de Zagreb en 1987 contribuyó al desarrollo de la ciudad y la región anfitriona, y a la realización de la estrategia de política urbana de esa época. Aunque Zagreb tiene una larga historia de planificación urbana, el énfasis se coloca en la documentación de planeación de la segunda mitad del siglo XX que precedió a la organización de un gran evento deportivo. Este artículo investiga las intervenciones realizadas en el período preoperativos del evento directa o indirectamente relacionado con un evento temporal, así como los programas culturales y sociales. Se puede concluir que la Catorceava Universiada de Verano fue un evento deportivo y cultural importante que sirvió como instrumento para la ejecución de numerosos proyectos; mejorando los espacios deportivos existentes, la capacidad de alojamiento y la traza urbana del centro de la ciudad a través de remodelaciones y construcciones nuevas. Dado que la mayoría de las intervenciones no se hubieran realizado en tan poco tiempo se puede decir que la Universidad fue un medio para la ejecución de la política de desarrollo urbano y la renovación de Zagreb. Ese evento dejó en el patrimonio permanentemente diversas obras de infraestructuras, supraestructuras y ecoestructuras que los habitantes de la ciudad y la región todavía utilizan para los mismos fines.

Introduction
For many years spatial and urban planners have been striving together with local government and the public to put city development visions and trends into practice through the elaboration of spatial planning documentation. Urban development and the implementation of city development visions are characterized by dynamics that are determined by many factors that often display unpredictable movements.
Development visions as implemented in spatial planning documents often cannot be realized in the short term due to a variety of reasons (political, social, financial and other). Organising a large event, as a form of urban development through major projects and consequently the "festivalization" of city politics, 1 can serve as an incentive to carry out the planned interventions within a strictly defined period of time that must be respected if the event is to be organized successfully. Kassens-Noor et al. (2016) point out that the challenge faced by cities is how to direct financial resources to desired legacies to support their pre-bid urban agenda. For event planners the goal should be turning mega-events into efficient development vehicles that serve public purposes, so that legacies are mainly focused on furthering existing planning objectives, not towards the achievement of private benefits. Monclús and Guàrdia (2006) stated that strategic planning and large urban projects have led to a reconsideration of the economic, social and cultural dimensions in urbanism. Renewed attention should be devoted to planning modalities, which are to be understood more as a system of practices and as a process than as an activity focused on traditional zoning in urban architecture.
There is a renewed interest in utilizing large events (Expos, Olympic Games etc.) for the strategic purposes of renewing the image of the city, mobilizing diverse agents and resources and catalysing new urban projects. Monclús (2006) points out that there is no reason to limit these strategic planning projects to prestige or "emblematic" projects since the former allow for the encouragement of other urban regeneration-related developments. They can be converted into policies of image or to other policies that generate considerable economic and social benefits.
Organising a large event, including a Universiade, can serve as a means for realizing the visions and the urban policy strategy of the host city, thus allowing for the implementation within a short period of time of numerous interventions that are directly or indirectly related to the event. Depending on the form of the mega event, both specific interventions and interventions in the infrastructure, suprastructure and ecostructures of the city and its region in the long term leave their mark to become a lasting legacy improving the overall quality of life of its inhabitants.
The aim of this paper is to show how sports events like the Universiade contribute to the development of the host city and the region, with an emphasis on the 1987 Zagreb Universiade and the implementation of Zagreb's urban policy strategy of the time.

Mega events
Mega events are large-scale cultural events that have a sensational character, mass popular appeal and international significance. Usually they are organized by national governmental and international non-governmental organizations, so it can be said that they are important elements of the official versions of public culture.
They can be considered to be urban events with important and distinctive urban level characteristics: they provide a model of the city in terms of its architecture, residential areas, public functions and services. Usually they are intended to physically transform a strategically important area in the city. They enable the city to position or re-position itself in the world of global comparison and economic competition. 2 Mega events are usually not the result of a rational decision-making process.
They could be considered to be a struggle for power. 3 Armstrong (1984) made a comparative study of policies and planning processes, and of 30 prestigious projects and mega events in major cities around the world. Based on the study, he pointed out that the decision to carry out a project was most often made before any data had been collected, analysed, and evaluated or constraints determined.
Extra-rational factors such as influence, creativity, intuition, vision and experience played a significant role in the planning of and/or the decision to undertake projects.
Mega events such as the Olympics and World Exhibitions, albeit short-term, have long-term effects on the host city. They are often linked to the construction of infrastructure, event sites and sites where accompanying events are held, or in general to overall city regeneration. The organization of a successful mega event generally generates a positive image and gives the host city special significance at the national and international level. Thanks to the newly-built infrastructure that remains an enduring legacy, quality of life in the host city improves and the city and its urban region become better connected. The approach to the subsequent use of suprastructure differs depending on the type and concept of mega events. In some cases, site construction can be planned for the event itself with the site being dismantled after the closure of the event and the area converted to a new purpose.
If the site and suprastructure are planned for long-term use, suprastructure conversion plans for the period following the event must be made, which is a very important step in the planning process. It is one of the major determinants of success when it comes to redefining and integrating the area into the wider spatial context in the post-event period. 4 Essex and Chalkley (1998) suggest a classification of the Olympic Games depending on their territorial effect, which is considered as a strategic variable, with special reference to changes made in the urban structure. The Games are classified into those that have a "small impact" (use of existing installations and structures), "medium impact" (hardly touch the city territory and mostly focus on sports facilities which are built ex nuovo or recovered) and "high impact" (strong territorial involvement).
In order for it not to become a "white elephant", the construction of new suprastructure and infrastructure for the needs of sport events requires a comprehensive study 3. Zagreb urban development strategy in the spatial planning documentation of the second half of the 20 th century Although Zagreb's urban planning dates back to the second half of the 19 th century, here we will focus mainly on the second half of the 20 th century as the period preceding the organization of the Universiade.
Zagreb's Urban Regulatory Basis (1947-1949, as amended in 1953)  In the city area, territorial urban units are foreseen as new units of settlement so as to achieve a compact and functionally more economical agglomeration. 8 Regarding green areas, recreation and sports areas, the intention was to preserve existing greenery and conceive areas for new parks, protective green belts, forests, and sports and recreation zones, with a green belt encircling the city. In the program, the area of the Medvednica Mountain in the north and the Sava riverbank in the south were zoned for recreational purposes. 9 The 1971 General Urban Plan concept significantly enlarges the urban area, which is in accordance with the contemporary trends towards the planning of wider urban areas. The plan was still based on the zoning system, spreading the city center across the Sava river to Novi Zagreb. There were around 12 socalled secondary city centers conceived, which is an indication of the further concept of polycentric development being applied. The intention was to achieve a higher urban standard in the future, to reduce density in the central zones, and to increase the area of green and and recreational zones. The Medvednica Mountain and the areas along the Sava river were conceived as recreational areas. The Plan provided for a balanced development of the traffic systems in the city, thereby giving priority to public transport. Spatial expansion was planned

Traces of Zagreb's large sport event -1987 Universiade
Throughout history some areas of the city of Zagreb, e.g. Maksimir -Svetice and Prisavlje, developed under the strong influence of sports and their specific requirements, and not according to preplanned urban planning ideas. 14 Sports facilities were often constructed spontaneously by builders and architects who were also fans of various sports, though they were to a small extent the result of more systematic planning after the 1970s.
[ Fig.1 Besides the sports program, which was the priority of the Universiade, cultural events and the promotion of the state as a land of peace and tolerance through diplomatic channels all over the world were also of great importance.
In the period from 5 to 15 July 1987, contests in ten compulsory sports 18

Interventions carried out during the preparatory phase of the Zagreb Universiade -Directly related to the organization of the large event
The largest intervention carried out during the preparatory phase of the event was the construction of the Jarun Sports and Recreation Centre (SRC Jarun) on a total area of 230 ha (of which 70 ha is water). The idea of SRC Jarun's construction on an area previously used for gravel extraction was inspired by the student vision of Fedor Wenzler that was elaborated in his graduation thesis at the Faculty of was envisaged as a western counterpart to the historic Maksimir park situated in the eastern part of the Zagreb urban area. The designs for the SRC Jarun complex, its rowing race course and administrative building were elaborated by Fedor Wenzler and Mira Halambek-Wenzler in 1976. 21 The project was complex and included the spatial organization of the whole area. 22 Its intention was to preserve as much of the natural landscape as possible. Special attention was paid to the construction of the entire infrastructure (roads, footpaths, parking spaces, bridges, plumbing and sewage etc.) SRC Jarun was proclaimed the largest and most well-thought-out architectural project of the Universiade due to the manner in which the surrounding urban settlements were connected to the complex.
The The facility's construction condition revealed the need for emergency renovations.
A total of 5,700m 3 of damaged roofing was replaced on the Ice Hall, the interior space was renovated, and on the south, east and west side office spaces were

Conclusion
It may be concluded that the 1987 Summer Universiade, although an event of a temporary character, left a great many material and non-material traces in the urban structure of Zagreb and its agglomeration. It was a significant event for the host city and the region that served as a means for carrying out numerous interventions directly or indirectly related to the implementation of the event itself. In contrast to some other types of major event, this example mainly focuses on dispersed interventions directly related to the event in the urban and regional structures and some grouped interventions in the wider city centre area indirectly related to the event. During the preparatory phase of the event interventions were carried out such as the construction of new and reconstruction of existing sports facilities and accommodation facilities for participants and visitors, as well as urban renewal [Fig.6]. Interventions carried out during the preparatory phase of the Zagreb Universiade -indirectly related to the organization of the large event. Source: Author / Google Earth of the city centre. Furthermore, the Universiade was also a major cultural event promoting activities related to cultural events and the arrangement and construction of public buildings for the accommodation of cultural facilities. Significant traffic hubs were built and renewed to welcome the event's participants and visitors. A tram line was extended, which enabled easier access to certain areas of the city. In the long term, Zagreb and its surroundings gained many newly-built or renovated sports complexes, which improved the conditions for practicing most sports, provided a material basis for active lifestyles and provided the inhabitants with recreational opportunities. It is necessary to emphasize that the subsequent use and management of sports facilities after the end of the largest sporting event in [ Fig.7]. Mimara Museum in 2019. Source: Author's Archive.