Native American Humor as Resistance: Breaking Identity Moulds in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20109416Palabras clave:
Nativo Americanos, Thomas King, Narrativas de resistencia, Humor, IdentidadResumen
Aunque en apariencia es una obra literaria hilarante sobre el cruce de fronteras y la interacción cultural, Green Grass, Running Water de Thomas King también resulta ser una eficaz narración de resistencia en la que se articula una severa crítica a las incisiones socioquirúrgicas que el paradigma colonial occidental ha infligido a los pueblos indígenas. Mediante un humor de corte nativo, que combina técnicas como las referencias intertextuales subversivas, los juegos de palabras, los elementos anacrónicos, la inclusión de figuras embaucadoras o el tratamiento satírico de los estereotipos, King consigue deshacer la actuación de dominación epistemológica y espiritual del hombre blanco. Este artículo muestra cómo el signo cómico que Vizenor, Allen, Arteaga y otros han estudiado en la narración oral y la literatura de los oprimidos puede, de hecho, convertirse en un arma exitosa para desarmar al opresor en las relaciones desiguales de poder. Una lectura atenta del texto de King revela que el humor puede utilizarse de forma productiva para desafiar y subvertir los modos coloniales de representación y los moldes de identidad que han aprisionado a los nativos americanos durante siglos. Así, el autor podría ser descrito de forma convincente, siguiendo a Vizenor, como un "guerrero posindio".
Descargas
Citas
ACHEBE, Chinua. (1959) 1994. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor Books.
ALLEN, Paula G. 1992. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Boston: Beacon Press.
ANDREWS, Jennifer. 2002. “Reading Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water: Border-Crossing Humor”. English Studies in Canada 28 (1): 91-116.
ARTEAGA, Alfred. 1999. “Poetics of Resistance”. In Manzanas, Ana and Jesús Benito. (eds.) Narratives of Resistance: Literature and Ethnicity in the United States and the Caribbean. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha: 333-337.
ATWOOD, Margaret. 1990. “A Double-Bladed Knife: Subversive Laughter in Two Stories by Thomas King”. Canadian Literature 124/125: 243-250.
BAILEY, Sharon M. 1999. “The Arbitrary Nature of the Story: Poking Fun at Oral and Written Authority in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. World Literature Today: A Literary Quarterly of the Univeristy of Oklahoma 73 (1): 43-52.
BAKHTIN, Mikhail M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.
BENITO, Jesús. 1999. “The Poetics and the Politics of Resistance”. In Manzanas, Ana and Jesús Benito. (eds.) Narratives of Resistance: Literature and Ethnicity in the United States and the Caribbean. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha: 315-331.
BHABHA, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
BROWN, Dee. 1970. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Holt.
DAXELL, Joanna. 2003. “A Space for Healing the Native Spirit: Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. Etudes Canadiennes/Canadian Studies 55: 99-111.
DELORIA, Vine. 1969. Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. New York: MacMillan.
DERRY, Ken. 2002. “Religion and (Mimetic) Violence in Canadian Native Literature”. Literature and Theology 16 (2): 201-219.
DONALDSON, Laura E. 1995. “Noah Meets Old Coyote, or Singing in the Rain: Intertextuality in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. Studies in American Indian Literature 7 (2): 27-43.
DUBOIS, W.E.B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
FANON, Frantz. 1968 (1961). The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Parrington. New York: Grove.
FEE, Margery and Jane FLICK. 1999. “Coyote Pedagogy: Knowing Where the Borders Are in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. Canadian Literature 161/162: 131-139.
GATES, Henry Louis, Jr. 1984. “Introduction: Criticism in the Jungle”. In H.L. Gates (ed). Black Literature and Literary Theory. New York: Methuen: 1-24.
GOLDMAN, Marlene. 1999. “Mapping and Dreaming: Native Resistance in Green Grass, Running Water”. Canadian Literature 161/162: 18-41.
GÓMEZ-PEÑA, Ibis. 2001. “Subverting the ‘Mainstream’ Paradigm through Magical Realism in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 33 (1): 1-19.
GZOWSKI, Peter. 1999. “Peter Gzowski Interviews Thomas King on Green Grass, Running Water”. Canadian Literature 161/162: 65-76.
HIRSCH, Bud. 2004. “Stay Calm, Be Brave, Wait for the Signs: Sign-offs and Sign-ups in the Fiction of Thomas King”. Western American Literature 39 (2): 145-175.
HYDE, Lewis. 1998. “Introduction”. In Hydes, Lewis. (ed.) Trickster Makes this World: Mischief, Myth, and Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux: 3-15.
HYNES, William J. 1993. “Mapping the Characteristics of Mythic Tricksters: A Heuristic Guide”. In Hynes, W.J. and W.G. Doty. (eds.) Mythical Trickster Figures: Contours, Contexts, and Criticism. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press: 33-45.
KING, Thomas. 1993. Green Grass, Running Water. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.
KRISTEVA, Julia. 1980. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. Ed. Roudiez, Leon S. New York: Columbia U.P.
LENOIR, Michael. 1998. “Image Distortion Disorder”. In Reed, Ishmael. (ed.) MultiAmerica: Essays on Cultural War and Cultural Peace. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books: 325-327.
LOUSLEY, Cheryl. 2004. “‘Hosanna Da, Our Home on Natives’ Land’: Environmental Justice and Democracy in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. Essays on Canadian Writing 81: 17-44.
MATCHIE, Thomas and Brett LARSON. 1996. “Coyote Fixes the World: The Power of Myth in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. North Dakota Quarterly 63 (2): 153-168.
MORRISON, Toni. 1992. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
OWENS, Louis. 1992. Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
SAID, Edward W. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
SLAPKAUSKAITE, Ruta. 2006. “Reading Irony as a Cultural Dialogue in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water”. Acta Litteraria Comparativa: Cultural Intertexts 2: 46-55.
SMITH, Jeanne Rosier. 1997. Writing Tricksters: Mythic Gambols in American Ethnic Literature. Berkeley, L.A.: University of California Press.
SPIVAK, Gayatry C. 1988. “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography”. In In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York: Routledge: 197-221.
TURBIDE, Diane. 1993. “A Literary Trickster: Thomas King Conjures up Comic Worlds”. Maclean’s (3 May): 43-44.
VIZENOR, Gerald. 1993. “Trickster Discourse: Comic Holotropes and Language Games”. In Vizenor, Gerald (ed.). Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press: 189-211.
—. (1984) 1995. The People Named the Chippewa: Narrative Stories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
—. (1993) 2001. “Chapter One: Postindian Warriors”. Manifest Manners: Postindian Warriors of Survivance. In Leitch, Vincent B. (ed.) The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Co. 1977-1986.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
