Personajes animales femeninos en los libros infantiles de Roald Dahl: una representación misógina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20248807Palabras clave:
estereotipos de género, roles de género, literatura infantil, Roald Dahl, crítica literaria feministaResumen
La literatura infantil introduce a niñas y niños al mundo, estimula su imaginación y refleja la sociedad en la cual viven al reproducir sus reglas sociales y normas aceptadas. Esto se nota especialmente con los estereotipos de género que exhiben y refuerzan los papeles masculinos y femeninos de una sociedad. Esta representación binaria, unidimensional y convencional es dañina para lectoras y lectores jóvenes porque impacta negativamente su comprensión de los roles de género, así como su personalidad, comportamiento y aspiraciones para el futuro. Roald Dahl, autor infantil mundialmente reconocido, ha sido recientemente revisado y criticado como escritor controvertido y persona racista y misógina. Desde un enfoque feminista crítico literario, esta investigación analiza la representación que Dahl y su ilustrador Quentin Blake hacen de los personajes animales antropomórficos femeninos en James y el melocotón gigante (1961), El dedo mágico (1966), El súperzorro (1970) y La jirafa, el pelicano y el mono (1985). Los personajes femeninos son débiles, inactivos, confinados en interiores y constantemente denigrados por los personajes masculinos, atrevidos, líderes y decisivos. Por lo tanto, esta investigación anima a que madres, padres y docentes enseñen a lectores jóvenes a leer libros infantiles con un ojo crítico para identificar e interpretar representaciones estereotípicas.
Descargas
Citas
Anderson, Hephzibah. 2016. “The dark side of Roald Dahl”. BBC Culture (September 13). <https://bbc.in/3qJxq6l>. Accessed December 5, 2022.
Basow, Susan A. 1992. Gender Stereotypes and Roles. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Bayley, Sian. 2022. “Revenues up £1.3m at Roald Dahl Story Company before Netflix deal earned £370m”. The Bookseller (January 10). <https://www.thebookseller.com/news/revenues-15mroald- dahl-story-company-1298205>. Accessed May 25, 2023.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1949) 1956. The Second Sex. Trans. H. M. Parshley. London: Jonathan Cape.
Boyer, H. Patsy. 1982. “A Feminist Reading of ‘Los Ojos Verdes’”. In Mora, Gabriela and Karen S. Van Hooft (eds.) Theory and Practice of Feminist Literary Criticism. Ypsilanti, MI: Bilingual Press: 188-200.
Brower, Alex P. 2016. Gender Roles and Gender Stereotypes in Four Newbery Award-Winning Books. BA Dissertation. The University of Southern Mississippi, USA. <https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/444/?utm_source=aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/444&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages>. Accessed April 1, 2021.
Burke, Carolyn L. and Joby G. Copenhav er. 2004. “Animals as People in Children’s Literature”. Language Arts 81: 205-213.
Burkett, Elinor and Laura Brunell . “The Fourth Wave of Feminism”. 2021. Encyclopaedia Britannica <https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism/The-third-wave-of-feminism>. Accessed April 13, 2021.
Butler, Judith. (1990) 2006. Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London and New York: Routledge.
Casulli, Florence. 2015. The Outrageous Side of Roald Dahl: Perversion in his Books for Children. MA Dissertation. University of Angers, France. <https://dune.univ-angers.fr/documents/dune4876>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
“Charlie and the Chocolate Factory tops Dahl list”. 2016. BBC News (September 12) <https://bbc.in/3cRyLUO>. Accessed March 12, 2021.
Coats, Karen, Deborah Stevenson and Vivian Yenika-Agbaw . (eds.) 2022. A Companion to Children’s Literature. Hoboken and Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
Cranny-Francis, Anne, Wendy Waring, Pam Stav ropoulos and Joan Kirkby. 2003. Gender Studies. Terms and Debates. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Dahl, Roald. (1970) 1996. Fantastic Mr Fox. London: Puffin Books.
Dahl, Roald. (1966) 1997. The Magic Finger. London: Puffin Books.
Dahl, Roald. (1961) 2007. James and the Giant Peach. London: Puffin Books.
Dahl, Roald. (1985) 2009. The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me. London: Puffin Books.
Fadiman, Clifton. 1998. “Children’s Literature”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <https://www.britannica.com/art/childrens-literature>. Accessed April 1, 2021.
Fallaize, E. 2007. “Simone de Beauvoir and the Demystification of Woman”. In Plain, Gill and Susan Sellers (eds.): 85-100.
Freedman, Estelle B. 2007. The Essential Feminist Reader. New York: The Modern Library.
Grossman, David. 2022. “Netflix’s $500M Roald Dahl deal aims to address author’s antisemitism through charity”. Polygon (January 10). <https://www.polygon.com/22876640/netflix-roald-dahlmovies-antisemitism-charity>. Accessed December 6, 2022.
Hamilton, Mykol C., David Anderson, Michelle Broaddus and Kate Young. 2006. “Gender Stereotyping and Under-representation of Female Characters in 200 Popular Children’s Picture Books: A 21th-Century Update”. Sex Roles 55 (11): 757-765 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9128-6>.
Henfridsson, Hans. 2008. A Thematic Analysis of Roald Dahl’s Adult Fiction. BA Dissertation. Lulea University of Technology, Sweden. <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1026931&dswid=-5141>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
Heuring, Kirsten. 2021. “Children’s Books Solidify Gender Stereotypes in Young Minds”. Carnegie Mellon University (December 29). <https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/news/news-stories/2021/december/lewisgender.html#:~:text=Lewis%20has%20found%20that%20books,on%20professions,%20transportation%20and%20tools.>. Accessed December 5, 2022.
Hill, Thomas M. Jr. and Katrina Bartow Jacobs. 2019. “‘The Mouse Looks Like a Boy’: Young Children’s Talk About Gender Across Human and Nonhuman Characters in Picture Books”. Early Childhood Education Journal 48: 93-102. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00969x>.
Kang, Miliann, Donovan Lessard and Laura Heston. 2017. Introduction to Women, Gender,Sexuality Studies. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
Kristeva , Julia. 1968. “Le texte clos”. Langages 12. Linguistique et Littérature: 103-125. <https://doi.org/10.3406/lgge.1968.2356>.
Lee, Jackie F. K. and Andy C. O. Chin. 2019. “Are Females and Males Equitably Represented? A Study of Early Readers”. Linguistics and Education 49: 52-61. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2018.12.003>.
Lerer, Seth. 2008. Children’s Literature. A Reader’s History from Aesop to Harry Potter. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Lewis, Molly, Matt Cooper Borkenhagen, Ellen Converse, Gary Lupyan and Mark Seidenberg. 2021.“What Might Books Be Teaching Young Children about Gender?” Psychological Science 33 (1): 33-47. <https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211024643>.
McCabe, Janice, Emily Fairchild, Liz Grauerholz, Bernice Pescosolido and Daniel Tope. 2011. “Gender in Twentieth-Century Children’s Books: Patterns of Disparity in Titles and Central Characters”. Gender & Society 25 (2): 197-226 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211398358>.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. <https://www.merriam-webster.com/>. Accessed June 12, 2023.
Mora, Gabriela “Crítica feminista: Apuntes sobre definiciones y problemas.” In Mora, Gabriela and Karen S. Van Hooft (eds.) Theory and Practice of Feminist Literary Criticism. Ypsilanti, MI: Bilingual Press: 2-13.
Moya-Guija rro, Arsenio Jesús and Roberto Martínez Mateo. 2022. “Challenging Masculine Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Picture Books: A Social Semiotic and Multimodal Analysis”. Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies 44 (1): 164-185. <http://doi.org/10.28914/Atlantis-2022-44.1.10>.
Mulders, Marike Frederike. 2016. The Presentation of Female Gender in Roald Dahl’s Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The Witches and Matilda. MA Dissertation. Leiden University, The Netherlands. <https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/41790>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
Nebbia, Christine C. 2016. Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Literature. MA Dissertation. University of Northern Iowa, USA. <https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/680/>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
Oppenheimer, Mark. 2020. “Roald Dahl’s descendants are sorry about his anti-Semitism. They needn’t be.” The Washington Post (December 22). <https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/roald-dahl-apology-anti-semitism/2020/12/22/b1d34df8-40a2-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
Pellicer-Ortín, Silvia, Silvia Martínez-Falquina and Bárbara Arizti. 2021. “Beneath the Waves: Feminisms in the Transmodern Era – Introduction”. The European Legacy 26 (3-4): 223-227. <http://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2021.1905234>.
Peter, Zola Welcome. 2010. The Depiction of Female Characters by Male Writers in Selected IsiXhosa Drama Works. PhD Dissertation. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa.
Peterson, Sharyl B. and Mary Alyce Lach. 1990. “Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Books: Their Prevalence and Influence on Cognitive and Affective Development”. Gender and Education 2 (2): 185-197. <https://doi.org/10.1080/0954025900020204>.
Plain, Gill and Susan Sellers. 2007. A History of Feminist Literary Criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
“Roald Dahl centenary: ‘Tremendous things’ promised for 2016”. 2015. BBC News (July 6). <https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-33408745>. Accessed March 12, 2021.
Rosenthal, Kristina. 2014. “Banned Books: Publications by Roald Dahl”. Department of Special Collections and University Archives. The University of Tulsa. <https://bit.ly/3w3UAXW>. Accessed May 28, 2021.
Sav igny, Heather. 2020. “Sexism and Misogyny”. In Ross, Karen, Ingrid Bachmann, Valentina Cardo, Sujata Moorti and Cosimo Marco Scarcelli (eds.) The International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Online Library: 1-7.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc092>.
Schultz, Amber. 2023. “Roald Dahl books rush to top of Australian bestseller lists ahead of edits”. The Sydney Morning Herald (February 25). <https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/roalddahl-books-rush-to-top-of-australian-bestseller-lists-ahead-of-edits-20230225-p5cnk8.html>. Accessed May 25, 2023.
Slater, Jack. 2020. “Roald Dahl Day: how many Roald Dahl books are there and what are some of his most inspiring quotes?” Metro (September 13). <https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/13/roalddahl-day-how-many-roald-dahl-books-are-there-and-what-are-some-of-his-most-inspiringquotes-13264577/>. Accessed March 4, 2021.
Stauri, Knut Erik. 2020. Gender Politics in Roald Dahl’s The Witches. An Analysis of the Book-tomovie Adaptation Based on Feminist Theory. BA Dissertation. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway. <https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnuxmlui/handle/11250/2669380>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
Sturrock, David. 2010. Storyteller. The Authorized Biography of Roald Dahl. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Sunderland, Jane and Mark McGlashan. 2012. “The Linguistic, Visual and Multimodal Representation of Two-mum and Two-dad Families in Children’s Picturebooks”. Language and Literature 21 (2): 189-197. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947011435863>.
The Roald Dahl Story Company Limited. 2018. . Accessed March 12, 2021.
Tunç Opperman, Serpil. 1994. “Feminist Literary Criticism: Expanding the Canon as Regards the Novel”. Journal of English Literature and Literature Club 2. <https://warlight.tripod.com/OPPERMANN.html>. Accessed December 1, 2022.
Weatherall, Ann. 2002. Gender, Language, and Discourse. New York: Routledge.
Weitzman, Lenore J., Deborah Eifler, Elizabet Hokada and Catherine Ross. (1972). “Sex-Role Socialization in Picture Books for Preschool Children”. American Journal of Sociology 77 (6): 1125-1150. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776222>.
Wolfreys, Julian, Ruth Robbins and Kenneth Womack. 2006. Key Concepts in Literary Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP.
Þórðardóttir, Marta. 2019. ‘The Tiniest Mite Packs the Mightiest Sting’. Interpretations of Feminism in the Works of Roald Dahl. BA Dissertation. University of Iceland. <https://skemman.is/handle/1946/32743?locale=en>. Accessed February 21, 2024.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Sarah Caré
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Aceptado 2024-02-22
Publicado 2024-06-24
