Infraestructura urbana verde-azul en Boston y Bombay (Mumbai): una comparación geográfica macro-histórica

Autores/as

  • James L. Wescoat Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Smita Rawoot World Resources Institute

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2020154857

Palabras clave:

Infraestructura verde y azul, Cambio climático, Urbanismo costero

Resumen

Este estudio ofrece una comparación geográfica y macro histórica de la infraestructura urbana azul-verde en las ciudades costeras de Boston (EE. UU.) y Mumbai (antes Bombay, India). Después de presentar los objetivos y métodos de la geografía histórica comparada, nos enfocamos en las ideas que ofrecen estos dos casos. Sus historias comienzan con antiguos asentamientos pesqueros costeros, seguidos de los primeros procesos de urbanización y fortificación en el siglo XVII. A finales del siglo XVIII, los comerciantes angloamericanos de Boston comerciaban con los comerciantes parsi en Bombay, en un momento en que los bostonianos tenían poco más para vender que hielo a cambio de los finos textiles de la India. Desde principios del siglo XIX en adelante, las dos ciudades marítimas emprendieron procesos sorprendentemente paralelos de recuperación de tierras y desarrollo de agua. Boston encargó propuestas de infraestructura azul-verde a escala urbana, desde Back Bay Fens de Frederick Law Olmsted hasta el Plan del Distrito de Parques Metropolitanos de Charles Eliot, innovaciones que ofrecen más de un siglo de lecciones en desempeño ambiental y resiliencia. Las dos ciudades desarrollaron proyectos paralelos “Esplanade”, “Back Bay” y “Reclamation”. Ninguno de estos proyectos anticipó la magnitud del cambio de tierra, agua e infraestructura del siglo XX. Ambas ciudades han comenzado a abordar los crecientes riesgos de inundaciones urbanas, aumento del nivel del mar y desplazamiento de la población, pero necesitan visiones metropolitanas más audaces de infraestructura urbana azul-verde para abordar el cambio climático emergente y los peligros del agua.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

James L. Wescoat Jr., Massachusetts Institute of Technology

James L. Wescoat Jr. is Aga Khan Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  His research focuses on water resource issues in South Asia and the United States, from the site to international river basin scales.  He has also published articles on the historical water systems of Mughal gardens and cities in India and Pakistan.

Smita Rawoot, World Resources Institute

Smita Rawoot is an urban planner and architect deeply committed to building a urban resilience practice. She is the Urban Resilience Lead at the World Resources Institute (WRI), where she leads a team of researchers and urban development professionals striving to help cities mitigate and adapt to climate risks while advancing human and environmental health, economic opportunity and social wellness. She holds a Master in City Planning from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Masters in Architecture from Pratt Institute.

Citas

Adamson, George C.D. ‘The languor of the hot weather’: everyday perspectives on weather and climate in colonial Bombay, 1819-1828.” Journal of Historical Geography 38 (2012): 143-154.

Anand, Nikhil. Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017.

Bagley, Joseph. A Prehistory of Boston Common. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society. Vol 68 (1) (2007):2-11.

Bean, Susan. Yankee India: American Commercial and Cultural Encounters with India in the Age of Sail. Salem and Ahmedabad: Peabody Essex Museum and Mapin Publications, 2001.

Berger, A., Mehrotra, R. eds. Landscape + Urbanism around the bay of Mumbai. Mumbai: UDRI and MIT, 2010.

Berger, A., Susskind, J. and Zeckhauser, R. Theorizing the resilience district: Design-based decision making for coastal climate change adaptation. Journal of Landscape Architecture (2020): 62-73.

Blake, N.M. Water for the Cities: A History of the Urban Water Supply Problem in the United States. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1956.

Björkman, Lisa. Pipe Politics, Contested Waters: Embedded Infrastructures of Millennial Mumbai. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.

Boyd, E; and Ghosh, A. Innovations for enabling urban climate governance: evidence from Mumbai. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy Volume: 31 Issue: 5 (2013): 926-945.

Chand, Rakashi “Boston to Bombay*: Historical Connections between Massachusetts and India.” Review of exhibition at Massachusetts Historical Society. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2019.

Chatterjee, Monalisa; and Mitchell, James K. The Scope for Broadening Climate-Related Disaster Risk Reduction Policies in Mumbai. Professional Geographer 66,3 (2014): 363-371.

Cheng, Chingwen; Yang, Y. C. Ethan; Ryan, Robert; et al. Assessing climate change-induced flooding mitigation for adaptation in Boston's Charles River watershed, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning 167 (2017): 25-36.

Dear, Michael. Comparative Urbanism, Urban Geography, 26:3 (2005): 247-251.

Dwivedi, S. and Mehrotra, R. Bombay: The Cities Within. Mumbai: Eminence Designs, 2001.

Dickason, David. The 19th century Indo-American ice trade: An hyperborean epic. Modern Asian Studies. 25,1 (1991): 53-89.

Dossal, Mariam. Theatre of Conflict, City of Hope – Mumbai – 1660 to Present Times. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Douglas, Ellen M.; Kirshen, Paul H.; Paolisso, Michael; et al. Coastal flooding, climate change and environmental justice: identifying obstacles and incentives for adaptation in two metropolitan Boston Massachusetts communities Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 17, 5 (2012): 537-562.

Friedrich, Paul. The Gita Within Walden. Albany: SUNY Press, 2008.

Gandy, M. The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014.

Ghate, S. 1988. Sea level fluctuations of North Konkan with special reference to Sopara. Current Science 57:24 (1988): 1317-1320.

Gupta, Kapil. Urban flood resilience planning and management and lessons for the future: a case study of Mumbai, India, Urban Water Journal, 4:3 (2007): 183-194.

Hallegatte, S., Henriet, F., Patwardhan, A., Narayanan, K., Ghosh, S., Karmakar, S., and Naville, N. Flood risks, climate change impacts and adaptation benefits in Mumbai: an initial assessment of socio-economic consequences of present and climate change induced flood risks and of possible adaptation options. Paris: OECD, 2010.

Kaplan, Lawrence; Smith Mary B.; and Sneddon, Lesley. The Boylston Street Fishweir: Revisited. Source: Economic Botany, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1990): 516-528.

Kaye, C.A. “The geology and early history of the Boston area of Massachusetts,” Bulletin 1476. U.S. Geological Survey, 1976.

Lomazzi, M.; Entekhabi, D.; Pinto, J.; Roth, G. 2014. Synoptic Preconditions for Extreme Flooding during the Summer Asian Monsoon in the Mumbai Area. Journal of Hydrometeorology 15(1):229-242.

MMOC. Maintenance and Management Oversight Committee, Muddy River Restoration Project, www.muddyrivermmoc.org/, accessed on July 22, 2020.

Marks, Alex. Stormwater management in Boston : to what extent are demonstration projects likely to enable citywide use of green infrastructure? Master of City Planning thesis. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014.

Mathur, Anuradha. SOAK! Mumbai in an Estuary. New Delhi: Rupa Publications, 2009.

Mayes, R., Bhale, P., & Bhatti, I. Sanjay Gandhi National Park, A Concise Report. University of East London, UK, 2004.

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. World Port Index. Springfield, VA: NGIA, 2019.

Nesson, Fern L. Great Waters: A History of Boston's Water Supply. Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 1983.

Noiva, Karen; Fernandez, J. E; & Wescoat, J.L. Jr. Cluster analysis of urban water supply and demand: Toward large-scale comparative sustainability planning. Sustainable Cities and Society 27 (2016): 484-496.

Novotny, V. et al. Water Centric Sustainable Communities: Planning, Retrofitting, and Building the Next Urban Environment. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2010.

Olmsted, Frederick Law. ‘Tenth Annual Report, Boston Park Commissioners, Report on Back Bay’, in The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted: The Early Boston Years, 1882–1890 , vol. 8, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014, pp. 228–31.

Pentapati, Satyavathi; Deo, MC; Kerkar, J; Vethamony, P. Projected impact of climate change on waves at Mumbai. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Maritime Engineering Volume: 168 Issue: 1 2015, Pages: 20-29.

Rademacher, Anne. Building Green: Environmental Architects and the Struggle for Sustainability in Mumbai. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018.

Ramboll Foundation, ‘Strengthening Blue-Green Infrastructure in our Cities: Enhancing Blue-Green Infrastructure & Social Performance in High-Density Urban Environments,’ online at: https://www.zu.de/lehrstuehle/soziooekonomik/assets/pdf/Ramboll_Woerlen-et-al_BGI_Final-Report_small-1.pdf

Ranger, Nicola et al. An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai. Climatic Change 104 (2011):139–167.

Ray, Himanshu Prabha. Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India. World Archaeology 26, 1 (2010): 35-46.

Ray, Himanshu Prabha. History of Fishing and Sailing Communities in the Western Indian Ocean Subject: Archaeology, Ethnohistory, Indian Ocean Studies, South Asia Online Publication Date: Dec 2019 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.404

Riding, Tim. ‘Making Bombay Island’: land reclamation and geographical conceptions of Bombay, 1661-1728.” Journal of Historical Geography 59 (2018): 27-39.

Robinson, Jennifer. Comparative Urbanism: New Geographies and Cultures of Theorizing the Urban. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 40,1 (2016): 187-199. DOI:10.1111/1468-2427.12273187.

Rose, Jenny. Between Boston and Bombay: Cultural and Commercial Encounters of Yankees and Parsis, 1771–1865. London: Palgrave, 2019.

Roy, Ananya. “Slumdog Cities: Rethinking Subaltern Urbanism” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35,2 (2011): 223-238.

Seasholes Nancy S. Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2003.

S Senapati, V Gupta. Socio-economic vulnerability due to climate change: Deriving indicators for fishing communities in Mumbai. Marine Policy, 76 (2017): 90-97.

Sethna S.F. Geology of Mumbai and surrounding areas and its position in the Deccan Volcanic Stratigraphy, India. J Geol Soc India 53(1999):359–365.

Shannon, Kelly. “The Agency of Mapping in South Asia: Galle-Matara (Sri Lanka), Mumbai (India) and Khulna (Bangladesh).” Footprint: Delft Architecture Theory Journal. 2008 Spring, n.2, (2008): 105-119.

Shannon, K. and de Meulder, B. eds. Water Urbanisms: East. Zurich: Parks Books, 2014.

Shirgaonkar, V.S. Exploring the Water Heritage of Mumbai. New Delhi: Aryan Books, 2011.

Spirn, Anne W., ‘Constructing Nature: The Legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted’, in William Cronin (ed.), Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature , New York: W.W. Norton, 1995, pp. 91–113.

Strzepek, Kenneth, Charles Fant, Matthew Preston, Kerry Emanuel and Brian Goldberg. 2018. MIT Climate Resilience Planning: Flood Vulnerability Study. Report 326. Cambridge: MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change.

Vicziany, M., & Bapat, J. (Mumbādevī and the Other Mother Goddesses in Mumbai. Modern Asian Studies, 43,2 (2009): 511-541.

Wescoat, Jr., James L, ‘Searching for Comparative International Water Research: Urban and Rural Water Conservation Research in India and the United States’, Water Alternatives , vol. 7, no. 1, 2014, pp. 199–219.

Wescoat, Jr., James L, ‘Submerged Landscapes: The Public Trust in Urban Environmental Design, from Chicago to Karachi and Back Again’, Vermont Journal of Environmental Law , vol. 10, July 2009, pp. 435–75.

Wescoat, Jr., James L, ‘Comparative International Water Research’, Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, no. 142, 2009, pp. 61–6.

Wescoat, Jr., James L, Barapula Nallah & Its Tributaries’, Marg, special issue on Water Architecture. Mumbai.

Wescoat, J.L. Jr. Comparing Ancient Water Infrastructure for New Cities[J]. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 2014, 2(5): 56-68.

Zaitzevsky, Cynthia, Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System , Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1992.

Descargas

Publicado

2021-01-27

Cómo citar

Wescoat Jr., J. L. ., & Rawoot, S. (2021). Infraestructura urbana verde-azul en Boston y Bombay (Mumbai): una comparación geográfica macro-histórica. ZARCH, (15), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2020154857